Flowers for Algernon Essay -- Character Analysis, Charlie Gordon

â€Å"Flowers for Algernon, first published in 1959, is considered a landmark work on both science fiction and disability literature,† (Werlock 2009). The American Library Association reports that this novel was banned as an obscene for its love scenes. When the main character, Charlie Gordon, increases his IQ from 68 to a level that makes him a genius (after received experimental brain surgery), his maturity leads him to fall in love with his teacher, and a sexual encounter ensues. This caused Flowers for Algernon to be banned and challenged in many places (Plant City, Florida- 1976, Emporium, Pennsylvania- 1977, Oberlin High School (Ohio) - 1983, among others). Most people consider the sexual scenes fairly mild, but there are those who consider any mention of sexual behavior inappropriate for teens or pre-teens, hence the attempts at censorship. Many of the challenges have proved unsuccessful, but the book has occasionally been banned from school libraries including some in Pennsylvania and Texas. Flowers for Algernon has won numerous awards, even for the film, and it is regularly taught in schools around the world; therefore, it should remain on shelves. Flowers for Algernon received a Nebula Award for Best Novel from the Science Fiction Writers of America in 1966. In addition, Cliff Robertson won an Oscar for acting in the movie Charly. Even the original version of the short story was published in the Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction received the Hugo Award for the Best Novelette of 1960. (http://www.danielkeyesauthor.com 22 May 2011). Many parents allow their children to watch television, and most shows have sexual content. If parents allow kids to watch this on a screen, they should also be allowed to read a book contain... ...pread and resulted in a better-than-average television movie, which was under the title The Two Worlds of Charlie Gordon (Werlock 2009). Due to its accomplishments, the novel Flowers for Algernon should not be banned. â€Å"If there is bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment, it is that Government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive or disagreeable,† states William J. Brenna of the Supreme Court. Flowers for Algernon by Daniel Keyes, is criticized for sexual, religious, and unmoral themes and are the reasons for opposition. However, these examples do not give reason for banning any literature, especially when it has an important, underlying lesson of how wisdom does not make the person but can actually hurt them. Therefore, Flowers for Algernon should not be banned and should remain on shelves.

Use of Diction, Imagery and Metaphor in Seamus Heaney’s Poem, Blackberry-Picking ::

Use of Diction, Imagery and Metaphor in Seamus Heaney’s Poem, Blackberry-Picking Seamus Heaney’s poem â€Å"Blackberry-Picking† does not merely describe a child’s summer activity of collecting berries for amusement. Rather, it details a stronger motivation, ruled by a more primal urge, guised as a fanciful experience of childhood and its many lessons. This is shown through Heaney’s use of language in the poem, including vibrant diction, intense imagery and powerful metaphor—an uncommon mix coming from a child’s perspective. Heaney emphasizes the importance of the experience of Blackberry picking by using diction that relates to sensory imagery and human urges. He describes the flesh of the first berry of summer to be â€Å"sweet like a thickened wine† a beverage with a taste that lingers—just as he describes the blackberries to, as they â€Å"Leave stains upon the tongue.† As if the first harkened that the best was yet to come, he jumped at the chance to be drunk on blackberries, for the one taste had left him with a lust and hunger for more. Driven by something deeper than the simple desires of their younger years, they went â€Å"out with milk cans, pea tins, jam pots† without a thought to the many dangers, "the briars that scratched and the wet grass that bleached their boots." And they emerged with berries â€Å"burning† in their containers, their palms sticky as with blood with the reference to Bluebeard when he murdered his wives. Clearly this childhood experienc e is no a mere description of play. The metaphors and diction, especially those which relates to the sense, show that this experience touched the young Heaney at a different level. In the second and last stanza of the poem we are reminded that he was but a child. The thought of losing the berries â€Å"always made him feel like crying† the thought of all that beauty gone so sour in the aftermath of lust. The lack of wisdom in younger years is emphasized by the common childish retort of â€Å"It wasn’t fair.† He kept up the childish hope that this time would be different, that this time the berries would keep and that the lust, work, and pain might not have been in vain, that others would not â€Å"glut† upon what he desired. Use of Diction, Imagery and Metaphor in Seamus Heaney’s Poem, Blackberry-Picking :: Use of Diction, Imagery and Metaphor in Seamus Heaney’s Poem, Blackberry-Picking Seamus Heaney’s poem â€Å"Blackberry-Picking† does not merely describe a child’s summer activity of collecting berries for amusement. Rather, it details a stronger motivation, ruled by a more primal urge, guised as a fanciful experience of childhood and its many lessons. This is shown through Heaney’s use of language in the poem, including vibrant diction, intense imagery and powerful metaphor—an uncommon mix coming from a child’s perspective. Heaney emphasizes the importance of the experience of Blackberry picking by using diction that relates to sensory imagery and human urges. He describes the flesh of the first berry of summer to be â€Å"sweet like a thickened wine† a beverage with a taste that lingers—just as he describes the blackberries to, as they â€Å"Leave stains upon the tongue.† As if the first harkened that the best was yet to come, he jumped at the chance to be drunk on blackberries, for the one taste had left him with a lust and hunger for more. Driven by something deeper than the simple desires of their younger years, they went â€Å"out with milk cans, pea tins, jam pots† without a thought to the many dangers, "the briars that scratched and the wet grass that bleached their boots." And they emerged with berries â€Å"burning† in their containers, their palms sticky as with blood with the reference to Bluebeard when he murdered his wives. Clearly this childhood experienc e is no a mere description of play. The metaphors and diction, especially those which relates to the sense, show that this experience touched the young Heaney at a different level. In the second and last stanza of the poem we are reminded that he was but a child. The thought of losing the berries â€Å"always made him feel like crying† the thought of all that beauty gone so sour in the aftermath of lust. The lack of wisdom in younger years is emphasized by the common childish retort of â€Å"It wasn’t fair.† He kept up the childish hope that this time would be different, that this time the berries would keep and that the lust, work, and pain might not have been in vain, that others would not â€Å"glut† upon what he desired.

Financial Accounting versus Managerial Accounting Essay

Managerial Accounting What is the primary purpose of the accounting system? The primary purpose is to produce forms portraying a company’s performance over a period of time to make sound judgement on economic decisions. Managerial accounting is the collection, analyzing, and reporting of information concerning operations (Bragg, 2012). What are the types of reports produced? Financial accounting creates reports that reflect the business’ financial health for external users.These include balance sheets, income statements, and statement of cash flow. These reports are aimed for internal use and provide data on past, as well as future, numbers in operations. Budget reports, Job cost reports, sales and revenue forecasts are examples. Who are the primary users? External users, such as shareholders, creditors, tax authority all utilize reports generated from financial accounting. Managerial accounting is aimed at providing data for Internal users, such as management of that company, senior supervisors, and other employees. What portion of the company is the primary focus? Financial accounting focuses on financial aspects of the company’s history. External users rely on this information to make decisions concerning the  firm. Managerial accounting focuses primarily on the relevance to business decisions and the administrative management portion. The statements are necessary to make sound decisions in operations. These reports focus on future data. What time periods are included? The time periods for statements generated in financial accounting generally cover 12 months. There are no specific time periods for managerial accounting. Are there any requirements for the standards of report presentation? Financial accounting is based on historical data and must be accurate and are upheld to standards set forth by Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Management accounting is not subject to adhering to specific standards or guidelines. If accounting were your career choice, which of the two would you choose? I would choose to work in the financial accounting area if I were to go into accounting, because it is all based on factual data. The objective is to record correct numbers. I would have more difficulty working in managerial accounting rather than financial accounting. Statements created in managerial accounting are revolved around future information and that sounds more difficult to come to the correct answer. References Bragg, S. (March 8, 2012). What are the functions of managerial accounting? Retrieved from http://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-are-the-functions-of-managerial-accounting.html

Concept of eco-city

The following new moving ridge in metropolis planning is â€Å" Eco-City † in response to planetary clime alterations crisis. It is a comparatively new construct, uniting together thoughts from several subjects such as urban design, urban planning, transit, wellness, lodging, energy, economic development, natural home grounds, public engagement, and societal justness ( Register 1994 ) . In simple word, Eco-city is colony where it allows the citizen to populate and work utilizing minimal resources. As metropoliss continue to turn and population addition quickly, the demands for sustainable signifier of development become increasing pressing. The hunt for appropriate solution and to make more sustainable metropoliss has become the chief concerns of interior decorator, policy shapers and environmental groups. The locations, types of edifices and substructure have direct impacts on its environment, economic system and society. As metropolis continue to turn and alters over a periods of clip, it is hard to alter after inhabitancy and building. So, interior decorators are seeking to avoid that jobs and prefer a new, maestro planned eco-cities. They argue that new eco-cities can to the full incorporate sustainable constructs of urban be aftering rule to make sustainable life environment as we go along with retrofitting bing metropoliss. The maestro program eco-city will be built utilizing all the latest green engineerings. But there people who oppose eco-city construct and called it a Utopian metropolis. But is eco-city truly executable or is it Utopian construct? To to the full understand, beginning of eco-city construct will be analysed. Eco-city originated in 1975 when Richard registry and few friends founded Urban Ecology in Berkeley, California, as Non-profit administration to do reinforced our metropoliss in balance with nature. Harmonizing to Register ( 1994 ) , the intent of urban ecology was to construct in Berkeley a â€Å" slow street † which is to hold many trees along route, solar green houses, energy regulation, set up good and efficient public conveyance, advancing pedestrainization as alternate to automobile, keeping regular conference meeting with different interest holder. But it was until the publications of Register ‘s airy new book called Eco-city Berkeley in 1987, that the urban ecology gained impulse ( Roseland, 2001 ) . And the administration ‘s new diary called The Urban Ecologist. The administration held First International Eco-City Conference, in Berkeley in 1990 and of all time since it held conference every twelvemonth ask foring people from around the universe to discourse urban jobs and to subject proposal for planing our metropoliss based on ecological rules. In 1992, David Engwicht, an Australian community militant, published Towards an Eco-City, in which he talks about how metropolis contrivers and applied scientists have virtually eliminated effectual human interaction by edifices more roads, shopping promenades, gutting communities and increasing dense traffic. For Engwicht, a metropolis is a topographic point for innovations of maximising interchanging and holding minimized travel distance. The book was subsequently reissued in North America as Reclaiming Our Cities and Towns ( 1993 ) . Engwicht negotiations about how metropolis contrivers and applied scientists have eliminated effectual human exchange by constructing more roads, taking commercialism out of the metropoliss into strip promenades, gutting communities, and increasing traffic human deaths. A metropolis is an innovation for maximising exchange and minimising travel ( Engwicht, 1993 ) . He advocates eco-city where there is dealing of all kinds of goods, money, thoughts, em otions, familial stuff, etc and where people move freely via pes, bikes, and mass theodolite and interact freely without fright of traffic and pollutions. But it was until the 1960 ‘s, the usage of fossil fuels, chemically controlled agribusiness, deforestation and depletion of marine resources was thought to be non in dangers. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development ( the Brundtland Commission ) , released a drumhead study called â€Å" our Common Future † which cause widespread concerns on universe intensifying environmental debasement ( WCED 1987 ) . And this pushed sustainable development on the head. Assorted industries and sector are besides traveling for sustainable development. The issue of sustainable planning is besides a concern for contriver, urban interior decorator, building industries, development authorization and the population at big. Register, Engwicht and Urban Ecology surely deserve recognition for popularising the term â€Å" eco-city † in the last decennary, but the eco-city construct is strongly influenced by other motions as good ( Roseland, 2001 ) . The mission of Urban Ecology is to make ecological metropoliss based on the following 10 rules ( Urban Ecology 1996 ) :Revise land-use precedences to make compact, diverse, green, safe, pleasant, and critical mixed-use communities near theodolite nodes and other transit installations.Revise transit precedences to favor pes, bike, cart, and theodolite over cars, and to stress â€Å" entree by propinquity. †Restore damaged urban environments, particularly creeks, shore lines, ridgelines, and wetlands.Create decent, low-cost, safe, convenient, and racially and economically assorted lodging.Nurture societal justness and create improved chances for adult females, people of colour, and the handicapped.Support local agribusiness, urban greening undertaki ngs, and community horticulture.Promote recycling, advanced appropriate engineering, and resource preservation while cut downing pollution and risky wastes.Work with concerns to back up ecologically sound economic activity while detering pollution, waste, and the usage and production of risky stuffs.Promote voluntary simpleness and deter inordinate ingestion of material goods.Increase consciousness of the local environment and bioregion through militant and educational undertakings that increase public consciousness of ecological sustainability issues.The practical application of these rules has non been truly promoting for many old ages until literature that promotes the thoughts began to look. It appears in different nomenclature as per the orientations of the writers. The Authors include Designers, Practitioners, Visionaries and Activists, and the nomenclature includes everything from neotraditional town planning, prosaic pockets, reurbanization, post-industrial suburbs, sustaina ble metropoliss, green metropoliss and eco-communities. Although, the writers ‘ orientation has discernable differences in analysis, accent, and scheme between the fluctuations as shown in table-1, the â€Å" eco-city † subject can embrace any and all of them. The term eco-city can be applied to bing eco-city or maestro program eco-city as affirm by Register ‘s when he explains that â€Å" there are two ways to travel about constructing eco-cities: altering bing towns or constructing new 1s † ( Register 1987 ) . Citizen organisations and municipal functionaries in metropoliss and towns around the universe have late started experimenting on this eco-city construct to run into the societal and environmental challenges ( Roseland 1997, 1998 ) . There is a pressing realisation that Urban planning is a important direction tool for covering with the sustainable urbanisation challenges confronting twenty-first century metropoliss. Many metropoliss has applied eco-city planning construct although most of them in little graduated table. Chattanooga and the San Francisco Bay Area in the U.S. , Ottawa, Hamilton-Wentworth, and Greater Toronto in Canada, and Curitiba in Brazil are some of the earliest metropoliss where this construct has been successfully applied. Curitiba, a little Brazilian metropolis, is one of the most sustainable metropoliss in the universe. It has received international acknowledgment for its incorporate transit and land-use planning, and for its waste direction plans. The metropolis ‘s success is due to strong leadership-city functionaries who focused on simple, flexible, and low-cost solutions. Throughout the undertaking, the authorities conducted regular meeting with citizen so that citizen are involved in the procedure ( Rabinovitch 1996 ) . Emboldened by the success of the above undertakings, Designer and local authorities are be aftering for monolithic inspection and repair of traditional manner of metropolis planning. They are looking at a manner to be after new metropoliss integrating the full above construct. China, one of the universe most thickly settled states in the universe, faced monolithic environmental job. It has emerged as major industrial power but at a great cost. The environment debasement is so terrible that it is a cause for concern in China and could hold international reverberations. Since pollution know no boundaries. Sulphur dioxide and N oxides produce by China ‘s coal-burning power workss fall as acerb rain on Seoul, South Korea, and Tokyo. Suspended particulate over Los Angeles metropolis originates in China, harmonizing to the Journal of Geophysical Research ( Kahn and Yardley 2007 ) . The Shanghai Industrial Investment Corporation ( SIIC ) hired Arup in 2005, to plan a metropolis which would entirely utilize sustainable energy ( solar panels, air current turbines and bio-fuels ) , self-sufficing and cut down energy ingestion by 66 % in comparision to Shanghai. The eco-city of Dongtan, which is be located on the island of Chongming, non far from Shanghai will be one of the universe largest eco-city to supply lodging for 500,000 people from rural countries. The Dongtan metropolis will cover about 8,800 hectares which is approximately equal to the size of Manhattan Island. Dongtan will hold ecological footmark of 2.2 hour angles per individual by agencies of a combination of behaviour alteration and energy efficiency which is really close to bound of sustainability of 1.9 hour angle set Forth by World Wide Fund for Nature. China is besides partnering with Singapore to construct eco-city in Tianjin based on three harmoniousnesss rules which are people-people, people-environment and people-economy ( Quek 2008 ) . The 30-square-kilometer site is a otiose land and H2O scarceness country which will be built over a period of 15 old ages at a cost of around 50 billion kwais ( S $ 10 billion ) . The standard for choice of site are that it should be wasted land and H2O scarce country. First, reconstructing the jiyun river will be top precedence for propose new metropolis of 350,000. Renewable energy like solar and wind power, rainwater harvest home, effluent intervention and desalinization of sea H2O are some of the proposal. United Arab Emirates has planned to construct the universe ‘s most sustainable metropolis, called Masdar City, enterprises of Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company. It is an ambitious undertaking which will be $ 22 billion to construct a new, zero-emissions metropolis for 50,000 occupants in Abu Dhabi. The undertaking is launched in 2007 and is designed by British house Foster + Partners. The propose new metropolis will hold new university, the Headquarters for Abu Dhabi ‘s Future Energy Company, particular economic zones and an Innovation Center. Harmonizing to the interior decorator, Masdar eco-city is to be constructed in an energy efficient manner that depends on big photovoltaic power works to run into energy demands, which shall be for 2nd stage of the metropolis enlargement. The metropolis is a auto free, with a maximal walk-to distance of 200m to the nearest conveyance nexus and comfortss. The streets are compact to promote walking and are complemented by a individualiz ed rapid conveyance system. Due to it concentration, the paseo and streets are shaded making a pedestrian-friendly environment. The metropolis will hold air current, photovoltaic farms, research Fieldss and plantations, so that it is wholly self-sufficient. Masdar City will be built in seven stages, the first of which is the Masdar Institute, which is set to be completed in 2010. The metropolis ‘s stages will be increasingly built over the following decennary with the first stage making completion in 2013 ( Foster and Partner ) . The thought of a metropolis without any waste, landfill, auto, ego contained or without any C emanation seem really desirable for a metropolis but for some sceptic it a Utopian dream which will ne'er happen. Skeptics are oppugning whether wholly planing a new metropolis is possible integrating all the eco-city constructs due to clip and cost involved. The chief failing for maestro program eco-city is the big inputs of energy required to build an full, functional metropolis as a long uninterrupted undertaking. They are concern that it might merely be a scheme used to screen from environmental unfavorable judgment while states like China and UAE continue to turn along the same unsustainable way. However, states like China and UAE are in a place to fund such sort of undertakings and if it is successful it will make a case in point for other parts of the universe every bit good. Unfortunately, Dongtan eco-city ne'er materialise. Although, the highest echelon in Chinese functionary expresses has shown acute involvement in the undertaking, the first stage of building which is to be ready for Shanghai exhibition 2010 has non even started. The Dongtan eco-city in malice of being a authorities enterprise has failed to happen. The Mayor of Shanghai has been sentence to 18 old ages jail term on corruptness charges and maltreatment of power in 2008 ( Larson 2009 ) . Skeptics of eco-city are stating that policy shapers in China misuse the term of eco-city, to cut down unfavorable judgment of China ‘s hapless environment records without holding any existent committedness to the thought. As for Masdar eco-city, work has already started for stage 1. However, skeptics are concern that it might be merely an stray viridity in the desert where the remainder of UAE proceed in the same line of large ecological footmark which is even bigger than United State. They are besides discerning about the corporal energy used in edifices and substructure which are really high. The heavy dependant on engineering for personal rapid conveyance and substructure is another issue. Since the engineering for personal rapid conveyance is non to the full developed and co-ordinating substructure with different bureaus is hard. The construct of constructing a metropolis from a abrasion or retrofitting bing edifice or redeveloping bing metropolis are some of the combustion issues. Planing a new metropolis from abrasion permits a greater comprehensive, whole systems attack, and more grades of freedom than version of an bing metropolis ( Fox 2008 ) . On the other manus, the resources and energy needed for new building of a metropolis will be far greater than redeveloping an bing metropolis. However, the beliefs and motion toward eco-cities has spread worldwide and has taken strong clasp among contriver. In malice of reverse for some undertaking, eco-city has will be chief driving force for today metropoliss and tomorrow metropoliss. Eco-cities can be built on bing eco-cities or new maestro program eco-city. Most propose maestro program eco-city is to be developed in several phases in the following 15 to forty old ages. Some of the relevant issue for Eco-city planning construct for developing new metropolis or accommodating for bing metropoliss are as follow:Eco-city is based on holistic attack. This incorporate attack is hindered by disconnected administrative constructions, political competitions and a neglect for citizen expertness. As in Dongtan instance, the surrounding dwellers are non even consulted and non cognizant of the undertakings.Eco-city construct is non truly encouraged by policy shapers and contriver as there are leery of the purpose as it involve alternate ways of decision-making ( e.g. community engagement ) , the execution of new engineerings ( e.g. like Personal rapid theodolite for Masdar or energy coevals ) and new organizational solutions ( e.g. multiple usage ) . The extra costs involved and loss of influence are some of their chief concerns.Eco-city construct may neglect due to miss of political will and committednesss on the portion of everyone involved.The Initial investi ngs are really high compared to traditional attack to be aftering which can scarce possible investor.However, for successful execution of eco-city, committedness from single or Party involved is paramount. Vision, aspiration and believing large in long term are some of the necessary demand. Besides, there has to be free flow of information and trust between the policy shaper and non-policy shaper. There has to be creative activity of win-win state of affairs for everyone to do it successful. There has to be via media in difference of sentiment and integrity of confederation. A series of challenges exist for developing metropoliss in many portion of the universe, peculiarly in developing states where rapid economic development will set force per unit area on metropoliss to suit lifting population and more substructures. It is the topographic point where following megacities are coming up. The interior decorator, public policy shaper are committed to developing eco-cities and other types of sustainable communities in the face of clime alteration, environmental pollution, H2O deficit, and energy demand. Today utopia ‘s vision can go tomorrow world. Many of the sustainable metropolis stress on compact land usage, clean conveyance, waste direction, renewable energy ( wind turbines and solar energy ) . Most of eco-city program are immense and need long term investings. But should we turn away from Utopian visions they provoke? Planing wholly new metropoliss is expensive, and it is non possible to construct all new metropoliss. However, we can endeavor to better bing metropoliss when there is an copiousness of already established metropoliss and urban countries. In my sentiment, I think we should encompass them and work towards seeking for bettering them. Possibly, the graduated tables of new maestro eco-city undertaking demand to be smaller so as to hold short building clip and less dearly-won. Someday the impressive catch phrases, such as â€Å" carbon-neutral † , â€Å" zero-waste † , and â€Å" car-free † for a metropolis might be world.MentionDaly, H. 1973. Toward a Steady-State Economy, Freeman, San Francisco ( 1973 ) .McDonnell, M.J. , Hahs, A.K. , Breuste, J.H. 2009, Ecology of a metropoliss and towns: A comparative attack. Cambridge University Press 200 9.Rabinovitch, J. 1996. Integrated transit and land usage planning channel Curitiba ‘s growing. In World Resources Institute, United Nations Environment Program, United Nations Development Program, The World Bank, World Resources 1996-97: The Urban Environment. New York: Oxford University Press.Roseland, M. , 2001, The eco-city attack to sustainable development in urban countries. In: Devuyst D, Hens L, De Lannoy W ( explosive detection systems ) . How green is the metropolis? Sustainability appraisal and the direction of urban environments. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 85-104.Register, R. 1987. Eco-City Berkeley: Building Cities for a Healthy Future. Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books.Register, R. 1994. Eco-cities: Rebuilding civilisation, reconstructing nature. In D. Aberley, ed. , Futures By Design: The Practice of Ecological Planning. Gabriola Island, B.C. : New Society Publishers.Roseland, M. 1995. Sustainable communities: An scrutiny of the literature. † In Sustainable Communities Resource Package. Toronto: Ontario Round Table on the Environment and the Economy.Roseland, M. 1997. Dimensions of the eco-city. City: The International Journal of Urban Policy and Planing 14,4: 197-202.Roseland, M. , erectile dysfunction. 1997. Eco-City Dimensions: Healthy Communities, Healthy Planet. Gabriola Island, BC: New Society Publishers.Roseland, M. 1998. Toward Sustainable Communities, ResourcesRoseland, M. , â€Å" Sustainable Community Development: Integrating Environmental, Economic, and Social Objectives, † Progress in Planning, Volume 54 ( 2 ) , October 2000, pp. 73-132.Roseland, M. , Dimension of the eco-city, Cities, Volume 14, Issue 4, August 1997, Pages 197-202Resilience Alliance ( 2007 ) A research prospectus for urban resiliency. A resiliency confederation enterprise for transitioning urban systems towards sustainable hereafters. Available at hypertext transfer protocol: //www. resalliance.org/files/1172764197_urbanresiliencere searchprospe ctusv7feb07.pdf accessed on 29 March 2010Kenworthy, J.R. , The eco-city: 10 cardinal conveyance and planning dimensions for sustainable metropolis development, Environment and Urbanization, Vol. 18, No. 1, 67-85 ( 2006 )World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future. , Oxford University Press, New York ( 1987 ) .Dongtan, An Eco-City, edited by Zhao Yan, Herbert Girardet, et was published by Arup and SIIC in February 2006.UN HABITAT, Planning Sustainable Cities: Policy waies. Global Report on Human Settlements 2009. Abridged edition. Gutenberg Press, Malta. Available from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.unhabitat.org/grhs/2009. Accessed on 2 March 2010Kahn, J and Yardley, J. As China Roars, Pollution Reaches Deadly Extremes. The New York Times. August 26, 2007. Available on hypertext transfer protocol: //www.nytimes.com/2007/08/26/world/asia/26china.html Accessed on 27 March 2010Dongtan: The un iverse ‘s first large-scale eco-city? Available on hypertext transfer protocol: //sustainablecities.dk/en/city-projects/cases/dongtan-the-world-s-first-large-scale-eco-cityQuek, Tracy, S'pore, China interruption land, straits times, China Correspondent. Sep 29, 2008. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.straitstimes.com/Breaking % 2BNews/World/Story/STIStory_283867.html. Accessed on 27 March 2010Larson, Christina. China ‘s Grand Plans for Eco-Cities Now Lie Abandoned. Yale e360. 06 Apr 2009. Available on hypertext transfer protocol: //e360.yale.edu/content/feature.msp? id=2138. Accessed on 28 March 2010Fox, Jesse. â€Å" Ecocities of Tomorrow: Can Foster + Partners ‘ Masdar City in the U.A.E. be Truly sustainable? † . Treehugger. March 4, 2008. Available on hypertext transfer protocol: //www.treehugger.com/files/2008/03/masdar-roundtable.php. Accessed on 29 March 2010Richard Register – Writer, theoretician, philosopher and 35 twelvemonth veteran of the ecocity motion. Founder of Ecocity Builders and Urban Ecology, and writer of Ecocities: Rebuilding Cities in Balance with Nature.

Mass and Energy Balance Essay

Abstract The objective is to produce a proposal for a chemical process plant which will be able to produce 550,000 tonne/year ammonia using LPG as the raw material. Different processes where researched and then finally one was picked, steam reforming. This was decided to be the most viable and cost effective process using the raw materials we had available. The report explains in detail how the process works and all aspects of how the plant will work including the mass and energy balance across the plant. What is Ammonia Ammonia (NH3) is a stable compound and is used as a starting material for the manufacture of many important nitrogen compounds and can also be directly used as fertilisers. It is produced by reacting hydrogen and nitrogen. It is a colourless gas with a sharp odour. The boiling point is -33.35oC and its freezing point is -77.7oC.1 Care must be taken when handling ammonia as can cause deep burns in the skin; irritation in the eyes and nose and when inhaled can cause coughing, sore throat and headache.2 There are different methods for the manufacture of ammonia. The three main methods are steam reforming, partial oxidation and electrolysis. Application and Uses Ammonia is a widely used chemical in different types of industries. One of the main user of ammonia is the agricultural industries for fertilisers. Around 80% of ammonia produced is for fertilisers such as urea, ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate.3 It is also used as a building block for nitrogen containing compounds like nitric acid (HNO3). It is also used in the fibres and plastics industry for the production of acrylonitrile, melamine etc., and manufacture of explosives. Ammonia is also used in water treatment such as pH control and also in combination with chlorine to purify industrial and municipal water supplies. Less commonly uses include as a refrigerant in compression and absorption systems, manufacture of household ammonia, in the food and beverage industry 4. Figure 1: Pie chart showing the uses of Ammonia. Market Trends Globally ammonia prices have been headed up due the large demand of fertilisers that are needed in the crop production to obtain high yield6. The current selling price of ammonia in Europe goes up to $600 per tonne7. Figure 2: Shows the global demand for Ammonia (D.a.NH3- Direct application of Ammonia) As we can see from the chart the trend of ammonia demand globally is upward. It is said that the global ammonia market is to generate revenues of approx. US$102 billion in 2019. As there is continous growth in population in the developing countries the likely to cause demand for foodstuffs are to increase even further. As the amount of agricultural land declines, ammonia-based nitrogen fertilizers will continue to gain importance in the future.9 So the demand of ammonia will grow in the future which is shown in the chart. Processes There are many different processes involved in the ammonia production. The most common processes for ammonia are partial oxidation, steam reforming and electrolysis. From these 3 processes the best process route is then selected and that process would be most economical and that meetes the design brief. Partial Oxidation Partial oxidation involves the reaction of oxygen with fuel to produce hydrogen. The following equations represent the partial oxidation of ethane, propane, butane and pentane. 10 C2H6 + O2 2CO + 3H2, C3H8 + 1.5O2 3CO + 4H2, C4H10 + 2O2 4CO + 5H2, C5H12 + 2.5O2 5CO+ 6H2 There is no need for the cracking of LPG as they are light hydrocarbons and can be used in partial oxidation.11 See Partial Oxidation flow sheet (Reference 1: Partial Oxidation Flow Sheet) Hazards and Environmental Impact The main emission is carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas and Partial Oxidation process emits more carbon dioxide compared to Steam Methane Reforming. Carbon dioxide emissions can be reduced by recycling it and selling it to urea and nitro-phosphate plants.13 No ammonia should be present in the air but maybe because of faulty equipment and maintenance activities, some ammonia maybe released. Ammonia becomes explosive at the 16%-25% volume in air which could occur if there are any leakages in the ammonia storage facilities. It is also toxic by inhalation and pulmonary oedema can occur up to 48 hours after exposure and could be fatal.12 Nitrogen dioxide that is released is a toxic gas can be harmful when inhaled but can be avoided as can be detected because of the smell. The large amount of waste water from this process is another problem but there is a river near the Milford Haven site. Also water pollution is a concern which may occur because of the suspended and dissolved impurities. It could also affect the aquatic life. Therefore the water must be treated in a full three stage water treatment plant before disposing it. 13 The disadvantage of partial oxidation is that the capital costs are higher for partial oxidation compared to any other process. It is estimated to be  £100-120 million for an annual production of 7.7 million GJ while for SR it will only be  £70 million. 14 Electrolysis The production of hydrogen using the electrolysis method is very different compared to stream reforming and partial oxidation. Electrolysis produces hydrogen by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using volts of current to separate the hydrogen to one electrode and oxygen at the other in a cell. Oxygen is the by-product in the process of producing ammonia which is valuable because it can be used in other chemical processes or sold to other companies for profit. In electrolysis there is no CO2 produced therefore there is no pollution. Standard electrolytic ammonia production energy consumption historically has been about 12 megawatt-hour. The fuel cost alone of making ammonia is $600 metric ton, and including capital and operating expenses that metric ton of ammonia cost about $800 to make. Compare electrolytic and using uses of natural gas as raw material the economically, for the past 100 years the cost of natural gas has not been higher than $1 and the fuel cost for a metric ton of ammonia from natural gas has been $30-$40. Figure [ 3 ]: Ammonia Manufacturing Process Figure 3: Ammonia Manufacturing Process Steam Reforming Gas purification Syngas of a mixture of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and water can be broken down in to individual components and further cleansed through purification. The syngas will enter a shift reformer, which breaks down the carbon monoxide in to hydrogen and carbon dioxide using steam (H2O). Carbon dioxide is much more environmentally friendly than CO and can either be released in to the atmosphere or used in other steam reforming processes in the future. Desulphurisation Sulphur is a problem when carrying out steam reforming as it acts as a poison for the catalysts involved. It is important that this is removed prior to the syngas entering the system. The process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst, which is usually nickel. This nickel acts as an absorber for the sulphur, and so several catalyst-filled tubes within the system with a large internal surface area will allow the sulphur to collect to be disposed of suitably. The Process Hydrocarbons usually contain sulphur which needs to be removed. The purification section is the first bed of the whole steam reforming process. Feed is passed through tubes containing zinc oxide. The sulphur in the feed reacts with the zinc oxide to produce zinc sulphide. This is to ensure that the feed travelling to the steam reformer does not poison the catalysts in this section in any way. The catalysts used in the steam reforming process are nickel-based. These are easily poisoned by sulphur species. The purified feed is mixed with steam and then is passed to the primary reformer, which involves a nickel-based catalyst where the steam reforming process is carried out. Once the hydrocarbon is cleansed of sulphur, the reforming process can begin. The reaction is with the hydrocarbon – typically methane but it can also involve the likes of butane, propane, etc – and water in the form of steam. The reaction for methane (CH4) is shown below. CH4 + H2O 3H2 + COΔH = +251kJmol-1 C3H8 + 6H2O 3CO2 + 10H2 C2H6 + 4H2O 2CO2 + 7H2 C4H10 + 8H2O 4CO2 + 7H2 C5H12 + 10H2O 5CO2 + 16H2 Reactions for other hydrocarbons, such as ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10) and pentane (C5H12) are also shown, with their respective steam amounts required and the products gained. Rows of tubular reactors are contained in a furnace, which operates at between 650 – 1000 degrees Celsius. The hydrocarbon feed enters the system at a very high pressure, typically 20 – 30 bar. The process is carried out in the presence of a nickel-based catalyst which is packed into cylindrical tubes through which the steam/hydrocarbon gas mixture is passed. The catalysts act as surface for which the hydrocarbon will absorb and the steam. (Reference 2: Steam Reforming Flow Sheet) Justification Steam reforming is the most viable proposition as we have all of the raw materials available within easy access, whereas if we were to use other processes, then we would have to source other materials e.g. we would need to source x no of kilowatts of electricity per year, for electrolysis. Mass Balance Cp Values Energy Balance Material Costs Simple Plant Cost Using a base of around  £410 per ton of ammonia, and output at 550,000 tonnes, it would be assumed that the plant would produce  £225,500,000 a year of ammonia. The Burrup plant in Australia was built at a cost of  £457 million and produces roughly 800,000 tonnes a year of ammonia. Using the 2/3 power rule, as follows, will allow the costs of the new 550k p/a plant to be shown. C = Cref(S/Sref)2/3 C = 457000000 * (550,000/800,000)2/3 C =  £355,984,702 The output of the new plant is  £225,500,000, but the plant costs  £355,984,702 to build, so it would take around a year and seven months for the plant to be profitable, based on an estimation without including the costs of the raw materials. Taylor Method Pay Back Time Sustainability The environment is constantly changing, whether by nature or by human led processes. Sustainability is about trying to manage this change through balancing social, economic and environmental needs, both locally and globally for present and future generations. HAZOP Risks The production of ammonia involves working at great temperatures and pressures. As such, it is vital that the equipment used in the plant is designed to withstand these conditions to function properly. The high temperatures and pressures involved in the production of ammonia can potentially put tremendous amounts of strain on the pipes and vessels used. The risks associated with this are: * Explosions from sudden release of pressurised gases from ruptured vessels * Fragmentation from rupture of the pipes * Fire * Poisoning from exposure to leaked materials * Chemical or thermal burns, again from exposure to leaked materials Not only are these hazards life-threatening, they would also be very expensive to put right for the production company. These risks can be avoided by preparing the plant for the conditions that it is about to go through. It is more economically viable to run the steam reformer at as high a temperature and pressure as possible. Magnesium oxide-lined furnaces, MgO, has a melting point of around 2800 degrees Fahrenheit, making it ideal for lining the furnaces used in the production of hydrogen. Hydrogen itself will cause some materials to become brittle and eventually break. Hydrogen features an active electron and thus will behave like a halogen, causing erosion in the metals that it comes into contact with. This can be avoided by using high-purity stainless steel in the sections of the plant which will come into contact with the hydrogen. This steel must have a maximum hardness of 80 HRB on the Rockwell Scale. Ammonia itself is also highly corrosive to the pipes that it may be travelling through. For this reason, it is recommended that stainless steel is also used here, at a similar hardness of that shown above. Most ammonia plants use centrifugally cast high-alloy tubing to hold the nickel-base catalyst in the primary reformer furnace. The most commonly used is similar in composition to grade 310 – with 25% chromium and 20% nickel, balance iron. This has a carbon content in the range of 0.35 – 0.45% for improved high-temperature creep and rupture stress. Thermal protection of piping involves fire brick owing to the high temperatures involved.

Disciplinary Literacies. Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Management thories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Management thories - Essay Example This research will explore the contribution of Hofestede to our understanding of the effect of culture to international management practices of organisations. Through utilisation of a huge database of statistics on culture, Hofestede managed to come up with an analysis of the patterns describing the similarities and differences of cultures in five main dimensions. His research focused only on international business managers, which enabled him to come up with a true picture of how culture influences management of international organisations. These five dimensions include power distance, individualism, masculinity, uncertainty and long-term orientation (Smith, Peterson & Schwartz 2002, p. 235). Power distance refers to the level of inequality that prevails among people (Smith, Dugan & Trompenaars 1996, p. 241). This inequality is acceptable by all people, both those with power and those without power. A high power distance society accepts inequality in the distribution of power and the members have a good understanding of their position in the system. With a low power distance society, there are an equal sharing of power and a high dispersion of power. The members in a low power society consider themselves equal. This idea means that in a high power nation such as Malaysia, reports will only reach the topmost managers who will hold meetings in a closed room with only the presence of powerful leaders (Smith, Dugan & Trompenaars 1996, p. 246). Individualism is a reflection of the strength of the relationships possessed by the people concerning others in the entire community. A high level of individualism means that there are no tight connections among them. It also means that there is a low degree of sharing of responsibilities except for family members that can only include the few closest friends. On the other hand, in a society where individualism is low, there is